Mobility service design via joint optimization of transit networks and demand-responsive services

This paper proposes a modeling framework to design an integrated mobility service system that is composed of local demand-responsive transportation (DRT) component and fixed-route transit network component. The region partitioned into disjoint zones, trip characterized intra- or inter-zonal one based on whether its origin destination belong the same zone. provides backbone line-haul trips, while DRT targets intra-zonal trips as well first-mile last-mile legs trips. components can be broadly defined, this considers, examples, conventional non-shared taxi ride-sharing for service, regular bus, bus rapid (BRT), metro network. For quantitative analysis services, new aspatial queuing models are developed capture various operations serving with randomly distributed origins destinations (i.e., trips) those concentrated at set fixed stations first- legs) time. Each model model, through proper partition, derive closed-form formulas agency passenger costs. Then, we formulate constrained non-linear programs simultaneously optimize zone fleet size repositioning operation spacing headway grid We apply proposed variety technologies application scenarios, so demonstrate applicability models, show promising performance systems.